Common Types of Additives and Modifications

Carbon-Based Fillers: This is the most widely used category[9] .
- Carbon Black: Valued for its high conductivity and low cost, though higher loadings can negatively impact mechanical properties[20][37][38][10][39][40] . Extraconductive grades can be used at lower concentrations (4% to 14%) to achieve antistatic properties.
- Carbon Fibers: Provide both electrical conductivity and structural reinforcement[4][9][41][42][43] .
- Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Advanced materials that can achieve high conductivity at very low concentrations, often with minimal impact on the polymer’s mechanical properties or color[16][38][44][21][45][10][46][47][51] .
- Graphite: Another effective carbon-based filler[9][10][51] .
Metallic Fillers: Powders or fibers of metals like silver and copper can be compounded into plastics for high conductivity[37][52][24] . Stainless steel fibers are also used[53][42][54] .
Metal-Coated Fillers: Particles or fibers coated with metal, such as nickel-plated carbon fibers, are used to enhance both strength and conductivity[4][41][55][56][57][54] .
ICPs as Additives: Intrinsically Conductive Polymers like PANI and PEDOT:PSS can be used as additives to make other insulating polymers conductive[52][1][19][9] .

Performance Analysis

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